Introduction. The development of modern medicine is characterized by technological progress with the increasing complexity of instruments, procedures, and manipulations. With the growth of the introduction of complex diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, the number of potential complications, failures, and errors increases accordingly. High-quality medical care is care without gross medical malpractice. The tension around medical malpractice has stimulated the legal system to formalise and expand the application of such concepts as «medical incident» and «insurance event». The given concepts are ambiguous, the nature of their relationship with the concepts of «medical malpractice» and «iatrogenesis» is not clearly defined, which complicates the understanding and control of the «medical malpractice” issue. The purpose of the study is to determine the common features and differences between the concepts of “medical malpractice” and “medical incident”. Materials and methods. The Study Materials include current laws in the field of healthcare, articles reflecting the problem of medical incidents and medical malpractice over the past five years. Research methods are axiomatic and general-logical (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy, etc.). Results. A medical incident is a polysemantic concept, meaning both an event that caused harm to the patient’s health and one that passed without such harm. A medical incident is a broad concept that includes the notions of “iatrogenesis”, “medical malpractice” and “insurance event”. Attempts to replace the concept of «medical malpractice» with a medical incident lead not only to confusion, but mainly to the substitution of the essence of the phenomenon. Such a substitution complicates an important process in medicine – analysis and learning from mistakes. Conclusion. It is necessary to distinguish the guilt of a medical malpractice in the legal field from guilt in the moral field. The features in common and distinctions between the concepts of a medical malpractice «innocent in the legal field» and «guilty in the legal field» are presented. Insufficient understanding and uncertainty of positions in the problem of medical malpractice determine the extremes in approaches to its solution. The theory of medical malpractice, one aspect of which is the ordering of the concepts under discussion, is a separate subdiscipline. Without a special study of this science, it is difficult to expect an understanding of the issue of malpractice and its satisfactory control.

Introduction. This study presents a hygienic assessment of the dietary structure among the elderly population residing in Dushanbe and the districts under republican subordination (DRS) of the Republic of Tajikistan. The purpose of the study: to examine the dietary patterns and identify key factors influencing the nutritional behavior of elderly individuals in Dushanbe and the DRS. Materials and methods. A total of 473 elderly individuals aged 65 to 80 years (238 men and 235 women) were surveyed. The study was conducted in Dushanbe and the DRS of the Republic of Tajikistan. Distribution by residence: 224 participants (47.4%) lived in Dushanbe, and 249 (52.6%) in the DRS. The mean age of the study population was 66.6 years. Socio-demographic characteristics: Among the respondents, 3 individuals (0.6%) lived alone, 14 (3.0%) lived without children, grandchildren, or relatives, and 456 (96.4%) resided in households with four or more family members. The data were analyzed as a unified cohort representing the nutritional behavior of the elderly population in the urbanized central region of Tajikistan. Results. The analysis revealed deviations from recommended dietary norms, including low intake of animal protein (27.8% vs. the recommended 50%), insufficient fat consumption, and a high proportion of animal fats (66.6%), posing a risk for non-communicable diseases. The average daily carbohydrate intake was 349.5±7.4 g, with mono- and disaccharides comprising up to 8%. Deficiencies in vitamins C, B1, and B2 were identified, along with inadequate intake of iron (14.9 mg vs. 18 mg) and calcium (417.5 mg vs. 1000 mg). Conclusion. The diet of the elderly was characterized by monotony and limited variety, with low consumption of milk, meat, vegetables, and fruits. Fish, cheese, and cottage cheese products were virtually absent from their diet. These findings underscore the urgent need to adjust and improve the nutritional intake of this population group.

Introduction. Since gaining independence, the Kyrgyz Republic has experienced major changes in the healthcare system related to reduced cost financing, deteriorating infrastructure and the quality of medical services provided. The healthcare system has been refocused on high-quality primary medical care, and the number of hospital organizations has significantly decreased. Maintaining and strengthening the health of mother and child has become one of the priorities in the new socio-economic conditions. The available medical and demographic indicators against the background of transformations in the country’s medical industry determine the need to assess the resource provision of obstetric and gynecological care in the country. The purpose of the study: to conduct a comparative analysis of the resource provision of the obstetric and gynecological care system to assess the availability of medical care to the female population of the Kyrgyz Republic from 2012 to 2023. Materials and methods. The analysis of the basic indicators presented in the statistical collections of the National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic was carried out: sections population and healthcare (dynamic tables) from 2012 to 2023, as well as a structural and organizational analysis of medical organizations in Kyrgyzstan providing medical care to the female population, with an assessment of resource availability in the provision of medical care in the field of “obstetrics and gynecology”. The following research methods were used: content analysis, statistical and analytical generalization. Results. The organization of medical care in the Kyrgyz Republic is influenced by socio-economic factors and geographical features of the country. During the analyzed period, the average annual number of permanent residents of women in the country increased, and the availability of gynecological beds decreased significantly, due to a reduction in clinic services and the transfer of the main burden of medical care to primary health care. The decrease in the provision of maternity beds is less pronounced. There is a centralization of medical care for the purpose of rational use of resources. Against the background of ongoing reforms, the Kyrgyz state has managed to achieve a reduction in maternal and infant mortality rates. Conclusion. The analysis of the effectiveness indicators of obstetric and gynecological care in the Kyrgyz Republic indicates sufficient provision of gynecological and maternity beds, effective use of the bed stock, appropriate placement of medical organizations according to the levels of obstetric and gynecological care in the country and the rational distribution of obstetrician-gynecologists and midwives. The available resources of the obstetric and gynecological care system in the country indicate the availability of medical care to the female population, given the positive dynamics of maternal and infant mortality rates during the study period.

Introduction. One of the key drivers of antibiotic resistance is their irrational use and self-medication, which reaches up to 89% in some countries. To assess the current situation and develop targeted interventions aimed at curbing self-medication and inappropriate antibiotic use in the Republic of Belarus, a cross-sectional nationwide sociological study was conducted. The purpose of the study is to assess the level of irrational use and self-medication with antibacterial drugs among the population of the Republic of Belarus. Materials and methods. The study employed a questionnaire survey method using a specially designed and population-adapted questionnaire for the Republic of Belarus. Statistical analysis of results was performed using the Statistica software package and R-Studio. Results. The most commonly reported reasons for antibiotic use were predominantly irrational (53.2%), including acute respiratory viral infections, fever, cough, sore throat, headache. Key factors significantly associated with inappropriate antibiotic use: female gender, over-the-counter pharmacy purchases without prescription, initiation of therapy without laboratory confirmation, use of leftover antibiotics from previous treatments, lack of knowledge about proper antibiotic use, opposition to prescription-only regulations. Analysis revealed that 18.7% of respondents took antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription, of whom 69.5% initiated self-treatment independently. The study found that young age increased self-medication risk by 2.4 times, lack of higher education by 4.7 times, negative attitude toward prescription-only regulations by nearly threefold, and absence of pre-treatment test results by 2.9 times. Conclusion. The study findings demonstrate persistent challenges regarding irrational antibiotic use and self-medication practices among the Belarusian population, despite comparatively more favorable indicators relative to other countries.

Introduction. Self-rated health is the most widely used indicator of health, taking into account all its components – physical and mental health, emotional, social and financial well-being. Although individuals rate their health based on their own perceptions, when aggregated, the indicator accurately represents the health of the entire population. The purpose of the study: based on self-rated health, to analyze dynamics in health among the adult population, including across age groups, in 2019–2024. Materials and methods. Self-rated health among the adult population of the Russian Federation was analyzed using microdata of the Selective observation of population health conducted by Rosstat in 2019–2024. The respondents rated their health as “very good”, “good”, “fair”, “poor”, and “very poor”. The dynamics in indicators were estimated by calculating relative change. Results. In 2019–2024, there were changes across all categories of health: the proportion of adults who rated their health as “very good” and “good” increased from 9.0% to 9.3% and 47.3% to 49.7%, respectively. The proportion of adults who rated their health as “fair”, “poor” and “very poor” decreased from 35.7% to 34.9%, from 6.9% to 5.5% and 0.9% to 0.5%, respectively. Overall, 56.3% of adults rated their health as “very good” and “good” in 2019, and 50% in 2020, versus 60% in 2024. Among people aged 15–39, more than 80% rated their health as “very good” and “good” versus 65% of people aged 40–49. In older age groups, this proportion was gradually decreasing. Conclusion. Self-rated health is a comprehensive indicator reflecting the impact of various aspects of life on human health, including diseases, age-related changes, and can be used to assess population health, as well as effectiveness of public health programs.

Introduction. Anthropometric measurements of a child at birth reflect its physical development, which is an important criterion of health. Currently, there are many classifications of risk factors, with parental factors being a significant contributor. Among these factors, it is important to highlight age, somatic health and bad habits. Research has proven the impact of smoking, alcohol consumption and parental age on child’s anthropometric measurements at birth and gestational age. In this study, the authors supplemented parental risk factors with cardiovascular diseases, including in both parents, and maternal thyroid diseases. The purpose of the study: is to identify the relationship between parental perinatal factors and child’s anthropometric measurements based on data from a selective observation of population health. Materials and methods. Based on data from “Results of the 2021 selective observation of population health (SZN‑2021) ” conducted by Rosstat, ten regression models were constructed to analyze height and weight variables of children aged 0–2 and their relationship with parental bad habits (smoking, vaping, alcohol) and parental somatic diseases (cardiovascular diseases and thyroid diseases). Results. Maternal smoking (Model 1: 0.493 (0.300; 0.793) at p < 0.01; Model 3: 0.635 (0.439; 0.909) at p < 0.05) and alcohol consumption (Model 1: 1.436 (0.957; 2.160) at p < 0.1) are significant factors of developmental disabilities in children. Gestational age (preterm birth) is affected by parental cardiovascular diseases (mother – Model 5: 0.347 (0.193–0.661) at p < 0.001; Model 6: 0.321 (0.192–0.561) at p < 0.001; Model 8: 0.346 (0.193–0.657) at p < 0.001; Model 9: 0.320 (0.191–0.558) p < 0.001 and father – Model 5: 0.570 (0.309–1.129) at p < 0.1; Model 7: 0.504 (0.282–0.971) at p < 0.05; Model 8: 0.566 (0.307–1.119) at p < 0.1; Model 10: 0.566 (0.313–1.103) at p < 0.1). Maternal thyroid diseases significant affect child’s growth and weight measurements at birth (Model 6: 1.412 (0.954–2.083) at p < 0.1; Model 9: 1.409 (0.953–2.079) at p < 0.1). Conclusion. Child’s anthropometric measurements are most influenced by parental factors such as maternal smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as maternal thyroid diseases.